• a claim of value — express opinion
e.g. institution of monarchy is an outdated relic incompatible with the 21st century democracy.
• a claim of solution (policy) — express opinion
e.g. For BRICS to become a true global player, it needs a coherent policy on a number of issues.
• a claim of fact — a ‘for-and-against’
e.g. Developing tourist destinations in remote areas of Russia has significant benefits along with formidable challenges.
• a claim of comparison OR contrast
e.g. Overpopulaion and underpopulation have different causes and pose different challenges to national development.
• a claim of cause and effect
e.g. Financial and political instability exacerbates brain drain.